Hope you enjoy the following quotes written by Andrew J. Elliot : "The model of developing expertise has five key elements
(although they certainly do not constitute an exhaustive list of elements
in the ultimate development of expertise from abilities): metacognitive
skills, learning skills, thinking skills, knowledge, and motivation."
"Metacognitive skills (or metacomponents; Sternberg, 1985)
refer to people’s understanding and control of their own cognition. For
example, such skills would encompass what an individual knows about writing
papers or solving arithmetic word problems, both with regard to the steps
that are involved and to how these steps can be executed effectively."
"Learning skills (knowledge-acquisition components) are
essential to the model (Sternberg, 1985, 1986), although they are certainly
not the only learning skills that individuals use."
"There are three main kinds of thinking skills (or performance
components) that individuals need to master (Sternberg, 1985, 1986, 1994).
It is important to note that these are sets of, rather than individual,
thinking skills. Critical (analytical) thinking skills include analyzing,
critiquing, judging, evaluating, comparing and contrasting, and assessing.
Creative thinking skills include creating, discovering, inventing, imagining,
supposing, and hypothesizing. Practical thinking
"Two main kinds of knowledge are relevant in academic
situations. Declarative knowledge is of facts, concepts, principles, laws,
and the like. It is “knowing that.” Procedural knowledge is of procedures
and strategies. It is “knowing how.”"
"One can distinguish among several different kinds of
motivation. A first kind of motivation is achievement motivation (McClelland,
1985; McClelland, Atkinson, Clark, & Lowell, 1976). People who are
high in achievement motivation seek moderate challenges and risks."
"We would argue that individuals who have been punished
(e.g., through criticism or parental disapproval) for not taking on or
failing to master a challenging task will learn to master the challenge
in order to avoid similar punishments in the future. In the process, the
successful mastery of the task acquires the properties of a rewarding safety
signal, which should maintain the person’s motivation to achieve as long
as it remains associated with the absence of punishment."
"If a person is competent in school-related activities,
others want him or her as their work partner; they will seek the
"Envy is related to feelings of inferiority, which are
brought about by unfavorable social comparisons and can contribute to negative
self-evaluations. For example, students assess their ability by comparing
their performance with peers, and they may conclude that others have higher
ability than they do. This has negative affective consequences."
"Unless people believe that their actions can produce
the outcomes they desire, they have little incentive to act or to persevere
in the face of obstacles. For this reason, how people behave can often
be better predicted by the beliefs they hold about their capabilities than
by what they are actually capable of accomplishing, for these self-efficacy
perceptions
"People form self-efficacy perceptions through the vicarious
experience of observing others perform tasks. This source of information
has weaker effects on self-efficacy than do mastery experiences, but when
people are uncertain about their own abilities, or when they have limited
prior experience, they become more sensitive to what others do."
"People’s self-theories not only affect their definitions of competence when they observe others but also influence their definition of competence for themselves." Written by Author : Andrew J. Elliot
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